RESUMEN Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) siguen siendo la principal causa de muerte en nuestro país. El control adecuado de las alteraciones del metabolismo lipídico es un reto clave en prevención cardiovascular que está lejos de alcanzarse en la práctica clínica real. Existe una gran heterogeneidad en los informes del metabolismo lipídico de los laboratorios clínicos españoles, lo que puede contribuir al mal control del mismo. Por ello, un grupo de trabajo de las principales sociedades científicas implicadas en la atención de los pacientes de riesgo vascular, hemos elaborado este documento con una propuesta básica de consenso sobre la determinación del perfil lipídico básico en prevención cardiovascular, recomendaciones para su realización y unificación de criterios para incorporar los objetivos de control lipídico adecuados al riesgo vascular de los pacientes en los informes de laboratorio.

ABSTRACT Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) continue to be the main cause of death in Spain. Adequate control of lipid metabolism disorders is a key challenge in cardiovascular prevention that is far from achieved in real clinical practice. There is a major heterogeneity in the reports of lipid metabolism from Spanish clinical laboratories, which may contribute to its poor monitoring. For this reason, a working group of the main scientific societies involved in the care of patients at vascular risk, has drawn up this document with a consensus proposal on the determination of the basic lipid profile in cardiovascular prevention, recommendations for its implementation and combining the criteria to incorporate the lipid monitoring goals suitable for the vascular risk of the patients in the laboratory reports.

Abstract: The objective of this work is to show the increasing importance of citizen participation in local power and the existence of a public institution, the open council, included in the Spanish Constitution, existing since several centuries. It might be the most effective institution to promote real democracy and citizen participation in common decisions taken in small municipalities (less than 500 inhabitants). It starts with a literature review on the subject. It also analyses the characteristics of this model of public management in different legislations. The research method used was the case study, using the Delphi methodology, concluding in the enhancement of citizen participation in public decisions based on the improvement of public services and the representative system; the mechanisms of overcoming the institutional crisis and of citizen participation; and the mechanisms of the improvement of direct democracy. Particularly, the possibility of adopting the open council as a more efficient management figure in small municipalities is considered.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar la cada vez mayor importancia de la participación ciudadana en el poder local y la existencia de una institución pública, el concejo abierto, recogida en la Constitución española y con siglos de existencia, que podría ser la institución más eficaz para potenciar la democracia real y la participación ciudadana en las decisiones comunes que se tomen en los pequeños municipios (menores de 500 habitantes). Se parte de la revisión de la literatura científica sobre la materia, analizando sus aspectos históricos, jurídicos e institucionales, y se analizan las características de este modelo de gestión pública en la legislación. El método de investigación utilizado ha sido el estudio de caso, empleando la metodología Delphi, que ha proporcionado las claves relevantes para la mejora de la participación ciudadana en las decisiones públicas basadas en la mejora de los servicios públicos y el sistema representativo; los mecanismos de superación de la crisis institucional y la participación ciudadana, y los mecanismos de mejora de la democracia directa. Particularmente se reflexiona sobre la posibilidad de la adopción del concejo abierto como figura de gestión más eficiente en los pequeños municipios.

Abstract The detection of changes in the natural vegetation of the Cerrado (Brazilian tropical savanna) has been conducted based on optical satellite images. With the open availability of Sentinel-1A satellite radar images, continuous, near-real-time monitoring of land-use changes has become a reality. The objective of this study was to analyze the potential of Sentinel-1A satellite radar images to detect changes in the natural vegetation cover of the Cerrado for the purpose of law enforcement procedures to control illegal deforestation. The test site was western Bahia State, northeast Brazil. We selected two Sentinel-1A scenes obtained on October 3, 2016 (T0) and October 27, 2017 (T1) (C-band, 20-meter spatial resolution, VV and VH polarizations). A set of 159 deforestation polygons identified in the Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) satellite images from 2016 and 2017 (eight scenes) were used as training samples to define the typical radar backscattering coefficients ((°) from the areas corresponding to the changes in the natural vegetation cover. The potential of the change detection technique was analyzed based on the boxplots involving the (° values derived from the ratio T1/T0 (both without filtering and processed by the refined Lee and Quegan & Yu filters). Three thresholds were considered for each polarization. All radar image processing was conducted on the Google Earth Engine platform. The best result was obtained for the combination of VH, refined Lee, and a threshold of 0.60, which presented 95% overall accuracy and a 39% omission error.

Resumo A detecção de mudanças na cobertura vegetal natural do Cerrado vem sendo conduzida por meio de imagens orbitais ópticas. Com a disponibilização sem custos das imagens de radar do satélite Sentinel-1A, o monitoramento contínuo e em tempo quase real de mudanças na sua cobertura vegetal natural tornou-se uma realidade. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar o potencial das imagens do satélite Sentinel-1A para detecção de mudanças na cobertura vegetal natural do Cerrado para fins de fiscalização e controle de desmatamentos ilegais. A área-teste selecionada foi o Oeste da Bahia. Foram consideradas duas cenas do Sentinel-1A obtidas em 03 de outubro de 2016 (T0) e 27 de outubro de 2017 (T1) na banda C, resolução espacial de 20 metros e polarizações VV e VH. Um conjunto de 159 polígonos de desmatamento identificados em oito cenas do satélite Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) de 2016 e 2017 foram utilizados como áreas de treinamento para definir os coeficientes de retroespalhamento ((() típicos de áreas de mudanças na cobertura vegetal natural da área-teste. O potencial de detecção de mudanças foi analisado por meio de gráficos boxplot envolvendo valores de (( derivados da razão T1/T0 (sem filtragem e processados pelos filtros Refined Lee e Quegan & Yu). Foram considerados três limiares de mudança para cada polarização. Todo o processamento de imagens de radar foi realizado na plataforma Google Earth Engine. O melhor resultado foi obtido para a combinação VH, Refined Lee e limiar 0,60, a qual apresentou 95% de acurácia e 39% de omissão.